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neural correlates I: introduction and examples

Molte persone al mondo, spesso motivate da giornali troppo zelanti, pensano che i neuroscienziati siano quasi arrivati ad una comprensione della mente umana. Cosa vorrebbe dire comprensione? Una buona definizione mi pare: "Essere in grado to explain the most basic level possible, how and why a human being behaving in a certain way. "It is quite clear that to answer such a question is necessary to know beforehand what happens in the brain of a person (since we we believe the brain be the implementation of the mind) when it behaves in a certain way. Know, then, that this question is largely unanswered. But the answer, if there were, would have a fancy name: the neural correlates . A special role has obviously neural correlates of consciousness.

some examples of what I would like to know the level of neurons. As we explained several times, neurons are cells whose activity is expressed through brief electric shock. We know with certainty that: there are perceptions and actions that have increased activity as a neural correlate of some neurons, there are perceptions and actions that have decreased as a correlate neural activity of some neurons, neurons correlating with the same class of representation (shape, color, smell, movement) are easy to find similar in nearby areas of the brain are related to the activity are not increased or decreased. Let me give you some examples:

increased activity

You will not notice it, but you continually move the fixation point of your eye. Before each micromotion, there are some neurons that are activated.

activity decreased

Some neurons are more active when an object is in a fairly precise in your field of vision, but less active than usual if the object is located nearby. Read more.

Zone

neurons that correlate with the direction of movement are all in a particular area of \u200b\u200bthe visual cortex. Moving a few micrometers, the class of correlation changes. Related

different

There are neurons that increase their activity only slightly just before a motor signal, while the legality of their activities will be much more. This concerns the

thing. Obviously, knowing how these representations are manipulated is still very, very, very beyond come. You know if you can reduce the mind to its neural correlates is a question likely to remain forever unanswered.

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Codices Illustres

Codices Illustres is a company that deals with spreading the miniature / Incunabula / rare books in general of the Middle Ages / Renaissance, reproduced in facsimile editions, at all cultural institutions worldwide. Our work, briefly, is to convince publishers to offer preferential conditions particularly cultural institutions and then to inform them about the possibility of the works that are of interest. do not work "mass" but let the key people in various institutions, according to studies or research activities and signaling from time to time, we think the most interesting works for every situation. Our main working tool is the Internet to allow us to be in New York and Tokyo after a few minutes, without moving from our office. We are a young, but already we have found interesting evidence in a market that, practically, is not covered by anyone. The site is built with the intention of spreading the knowledge of the miniature works: Each page monograph on a "code also shows a virtual version of the same extract with the most significant pages. The site is in both Italian and English. In search of publishing partners in this project, also was put particular care in choosing the supplied most significant works. Among the selected films to date, we are particularly happy to have De Sphaera Este, the notebook of John de 'Grassi, Schedel Weltchronik of the Gutenberg Bible, to name a few. A day I will add the works of Aboca Museum Editions (the famous Hortus Eystettensis and De Prospectiva Ping of Panizzi in Reggio!).
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Reinforcement learning, part one: the reward

I recently attended a conference in Turkey, which was attended, among others, Allan Collins, the guru of nicotine.
When it comes to smoke should be immediately addiction to drugs, how to quit. And here is the perspective offered by luminary.

Nicotine is an agonist compound acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system. Normally, acetylcholine released from a neuron transmitter binds to receptors on the surface of the receiving neuron and triggers a certain response, depending on the properties of the receptor. When nicotine is present, it binds to the receptor instead of acetylcholine, activating this reason it is called "agonist".

There are different receptors for the neurotransmitter. If there is an acetylcholine receptor called "nicotinic" because there is bound nicotine, and one called "muscarinic" because it binds muscarine . This does not concern us right now.
The nicotinic receptor is a channel, ie a protein with a cavity that, if "open" on the right key, allows the passage of molecules responsible for the transmission of the message.
The view is even more varied: Each channel consists of multiple subunits, which are assembled to build the canal. Our body is able to manufacture different subunits for the same channel, then combining them in various ways to get channels with slightly different properties.

When you smoke all the channels are activated indiscriminately nicotine. Some are responsible for the welfare given by the smoke because of their connection con neuroni dopaminergici. Altri canali agiscono nel sistema nervoso periferico procurando dolori di stomaco e altre sensazioni sgradevoli. Quello che in ultima analisi il fumatore ricerca é una po' di dopamina in piú, e per farlo si accolla il rischio di cancro, il sapore amaro della nicotina, le sgradevoli sensazioni intestinali.
Questo è un comportamento appreso: nessuno "nasce fumato".
Si apprende grazie a un particolare circuito che sfrutta la dopamina. Semplificando, una certa azione guida a un rilascio di dopamina nel cervello, e da ciò l'organismo "capisce" che l'azione che ha preceduto il rilascio di dopamina è una cosa buona, ed è bene prendere l'abitudine di compiere questa azione. È un tipo di operant conditioning. Said with an example, my pizza is going to be rewarded by a good pizza (food, primary reinforcement), I feel good and we want to go. It costs me money, so I have to return to work in a pizzeria. Workers get the money to get me the pizza in time to go to the pizza loses its meaning and moves the decisive action at work and on the reward money (secondary reinforcement). So he reasoned

Allan Collins: Why I smoke, and bring inconvenience to a spremutina of dopamine? There is no more specific a drug, which attack only the receptors responsible for positive feelings? Of course. The concept is not the nicotine, but the reward. Well, There are other rewards: sex, for instance, gives pleasure with a primary reinforcement. Over time this primary reinforcement may be partially or entirely replaced by a kiss, from talking with your loved one, from seeing a loved one.

Love is the drug most specific to procure well-being.

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Samhain (October 31)

the festival is connected directly to the death in the life cycle, during which time the cattle were selected for slaughter and he would be part of the harvest. We honor the dead and death in the cycle of life. To the ancients was the last day of the year, then x right time to close outstanding issues. The cattle were gathered and selected before being led to slaughter. Divination in the smoke, the flames of the candles or in the mirror. Call the dead, leave food out the window after the ceremony. Get Messages to the deceased as the separation between the physical and spiritual world is very thin. The colors are red or black. pomegranates, pumpkins and apples.

Herbs: bay leaf, lavender, mugwort, nutmeg, salvia.Pietre: obsidian, black onyx, bloodstone, amethyst, opale.Divinità: Hecate, Pan, Persephone, Hades, Morrigan.Per the altar cloth and candles, orange or black, decorated with pumpkins, pomegranates, apples. Form the circle, then turned west to draw a pentagram invocation to open the door and summon the dead. Call pan and bestow blessings to the deceased. To practice divination, then return to the West and say the right words. Always turned to the west to draw a pentagram to close the door of cerchio.Suggerimenti: Put a candle in the window to guide the dead, turn it on. If you wish to leave bad habits, write them on a sheet of paper and set him on fire. To feed the dead and earn their blessings after the meal to leave open an apple, leaving the fruit.

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phenomenological approach and stigma.

returned almost by chance on the words of Vincent , on which I had already stopped to think not too long ago in a project italonorvegese (still in progress ) on mental health, and I could not do less than a dear old riproporvi methodological problem.

Several times I found myself sharing the phenomenological approaches, both in psychology in the social sciences, convinced that the work has on the uniqueness of the lanes for the removal of the causes of human problems, and therefore also less standardized methodology can better tailored to the needs of the object of study without compromising any compelling finding of the so-called "scientist".

But come now at a crossroads, with the need, that is, to make a choice, I realize that it is the classic definition of a scholar who I have to leave if I want to change the point of view.

Mental health is an area very touching and compelling, because, unless you stay on an extremely surface, it forces you to face and understand your fantasies and prejudices before they can even "understand" the other really.

With a look a tad Weber - passatemela ... Indeed I take this opportunity to share one of my objects of veneration ^ _ ^ - starting with the fact that the real poblem is understanding. E - immediately reveal who the murderess - passes through understanding and articulates the problem of injury and then the stigma, and of its appurtenances.

There are "cases" that I could not say if more movingly or more fortunate, who have given their mental illness through art. Or something that the company identified as such. For them, it seemed to me, and I could mention Van Gogh or Cezanne as known cases, that the scientific debate has allowed the most easy to put up a phenomenological approach to the problem. Not only that in their common sentiment seemed to be different with a contingency which can be expected to cope when you're an artist.

In other words, the great artists aflitti from mental illness had a chance more of their "mental equivalent" (if it was that we can make an equivalence between minds ... it is a simplification), a minimum reserve of dignity Unbreakable. And access to at least some "social rituals" (an Italian example may be the life of Ligabue ).

But for all the "Vincent" hospitalized, neglected until there is no other answer except the TSO (and for the good of whom? Of the "patient" or those around him?), Isolated forgotten by family, friends, from welfare, those who are willing to listen to? Who will assume the role of fully accept instances, the point of view?

We hope diminishes the traditional scientific positions (or to defer consideration of those that re-propose a new way, for example this ), which Members of scholars to collect instances of these privileged witnesses to stop adapting the content - the lives of psychiatric patients - the container - the science, and understand the importance of adapting quite the container to the content?

Thirty years ago, an ill-channeled enthusiasm post- Goffmann led many experts ( Basaglia in the forefront as regards the 'Italy) to retract everything reforms carpet (even without the financial resources to implement them) , renegotiation of the doctor-patient relationship (if you happen to watch the documentary film San Clemente, a French production that was able to catch the cultural and political climate of L.180 Basaglia the intercession of the same) ... but in the meantime, the ill-disposition towards users of mental health, social distrust, or, to put the right words, the stigma , I'm really failed?

certainly many - especially the so-called people - have thought that "other" would finally listened to their reasons . After so many years and many trials, however, the feeling is that there is still a long way to go and that if the scientific world (the one that I believe has more responsibility and depression in the conditioning of thoughts and practices of common sense ) will not change course, taking the conclusions of song McLean, Perhaps They Never Will .