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scribbles and concentration

Nella mia pluriennale carriera studentesca ho trovato, ad ogni livello scolastico, notevoli difficoltà nel fare capire ai prof. che non sono affatto distratta. Anche nelle conversazioni impegnative con persone che giudicavo importanti: non mi sto facendo all'improvviso i fatti miei!

Mi riferisco alla mia ineludibile esigenza di cominciare a disegnare. C'è il periodo in cui deformo scritte, quello in cui faccio scarpe (specie col tacco alto e sottile), poi animali fantasy, mostri, ma la figura che va per la maggiore è in assoluto la figura femminile intera (che inizio spesso a disegnare partendo dai piedi), o michelangiolescamente incomplete, as if expecting it to end by itself to stand out from the rest of the design, or profiles, eyes, faces and hands. A wants to insist: "I need it, helps me focus." The only people that have got got there by itself, with the remark, and some evidence like this: "Repeat what I said (to answer user's entire speech with great accuracy), while catches me red-handed to invade the borders of the notebooks for notes, notebooks and even entire sheets of the back of the snacks or chocolates (and then giving us the first one exclaims, "Oh, that bellooo!").

Now, I was delighted to look back a post of a blog that I usually attend especially if they are looking for inspiration for my - humble - creations when, hey presto, the author citing what she calls dislogrammi addresses a multi-year issue for me. Finally

a study by reason of those who, like me, want to focus in their own way on what needs attention, in spite of those who do not understand that their apparent state of trance, or distraction. Why

but I do so often? Evidently there are always focused (on what I want, Obviously )!

;-)

ps: I do not know if my "colleagues" will release the 31 other posts. In any case, I take this opportunity to do our best wishes for a fruitful 2010 to them, to all those who have read so far, and how we find out later!

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Ezzelino by Romano and History

Remember Ezzelino from the figure of the Roman Empire and disclose the historical and legendary profile that made him immortal does not mean celebrating a man, but to promote a territory. That "part of the world Italy," which was the protagonist, almost eight centuries ago, the first territorial unification of the Venetian foothills from Treviso to Verona.

is being aware of this and based on values \u200b\u200b as the link with the most typical aspects the cultural diffusion, the growth of consciousness historic civil of our land is born a Roman Ezzelino, the birthplace of the leader, 750 years after his death, a project that has no precedent .

Promoting knowledge of history and legend of one of the greatest characters ever actually means Venetian form to a greater awareness of territory as a time to build a more informed look at what we have all around, what we are, how they achieved those goals of excellence that put the Veneto foothill to the top of Europe. Historians are at peace, then, here you look over any interest of historical revisionism and every intention of uncritical celebration of the figure of Ezzelino insulted by Romano, retracing the historic deeds and literary legends. The leader who was born in the castle at noon Just the Hill sang in his Commedia Dante is now starting to present a "context", a "framework".

Ezzelino Romano, left flagellum the features of the history of so much more concerned to describe it as a "bogeyman" for fools (or Neo-Guelphism) and to assess the military and political stature, may soon be promoted to a new impetus to the union of different areas and create cultural belonging to the "rule ezzelino" that you want to contribute as a liaison for culture and tourism project.

Remember Ezzelino from the figure of the Roman Empire and spread historical events and the profile that made him legendary immortal does not mean celebrating a man, but promote territory.

That "part of the world Italy," which was the protagonist, almost eight centuries ago, the first territorial unification of the Venetian foothills from Treviso to Verona.
E 'being aware of this and based on values \u200b\u200b as the link with the most typical aspects the cultural diffusion, the growth of consciousness historic civil of our territory who was born in Roman Ezzelino, the birthplace of the leader, 750 years after his death, a project that has no precedent .

What occurs in these web pages, projects involving schools, libraries, institutions and persons under the name of the last rulers of Rome is first and foremost as a starting point for 'initiative and cultural Travel to coordinate the many tensions in the study, dissemination, cultural knowledge of the historical period and dominated the territory in which Ezzelini.

events, educational proposals, seminars and conventions, literary and artistic promotion and communication of the same Pedemonte, are partly already in place, in part already guessed, in going on this site was born with great ambitions.

meeting place of many interests in the foothills of the Middle Ages understood in all its forms, but also unique attraction for the promotion of multiple realities and specificity that this area continually to manifest.

Why promote the knowledge of history and legend of one of the greatest characters ever actually means Venetian form to a greater awareness of territory.
Moment of building a more informed look at what is around us, what we are, how they achieved those goals of excellence that put the Veneto foothill to the top of Europe.

The leader who was born at noon in the Castle Hill Just Dante sang in his comedy is now starting to present a "context", a "framework".
Ezzelino Romano, left flagellum the features of the history of so much more concerned to describe it as a "bogeyman" for fools (or Neo-Guelphism) that to assess the military and political stature, may soon be promoted to a new impetus to the union of different areas and create cultural belonging to the "rule ezzelino" that you want to contribute as a liaison of culture and tourism project.

This is certainly a challenge, as all the pioneering work, maybe not easy to understand by reading a presentation, but for those who work in the promotion of culture and tourism, almost a dream.

Back to wield the sword does not mean Ezzelino celebrating a man of war, but the emblem of a unit place or culture, that (he succeeded Ezzelino) know the top national and international reach.

For information, write to redazione@ezzelinodaromano.it or visit: www.ezzelinodaromano.it .

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Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders

In medicine, one of the crucial moments of the therapeutic process is the diagnosis. In fact, only after a certain disorder has been identified it is possible to cure it by referring to the entire corpus of scientific knowledge about it have been accumulated over time. Put simply, once diagnosed with a fracture is known for example that it should apply to treat a fractured limb plaster that building up the bone so that its Internal can slowly grow and function of art can be recovered. It 's interesting to note that the diagnosis "break" to allow the doctor to get treatment without his having to rack your brain on too much because of the fracture. That has fallen or slipped, or that he finished poorly in an attempt to achieve a Guinness Book of Records, the solution will always be the same. Not only that once our arms or our legs will be healed easily we break them up again ... ... Or so we hope:)
The best informed will now thinking, "It 's osteoporosis? What do we do?" They must have thought at this point to another label diagnostics, identifying some form of predisposition to have fractures. I say "some form", because of "osteoporosis" as a "fracture" and virtually any other diagnosis there are many varieties. Where a patient had to bring in multiple fractures in a short period of time the doctor had him in care may have to worry not only treatment of the individual fractures as well as taking charge of osteoporosis. Why do I dwell

(so to speak) on these physical ailments, medical skills?
wanted examples that clearly show how the diagnosis is neither more nor less than an instrument, a step in the overall therapeutic process. The therapist once a diagnosis is able to reconnect the symptoms reported by the patient to a more or less specific set of scientific knowledge (or at least supposed to be), and click or so forms of therapy that they consider most appropriate for treatment of the disorder itself.
I also wanted to point out the important concepts: a thing is the noise ("evil in itself), another diagnosis (the label that attaches to the clinical disorder"), another (or others ) the causes of the disorder itself (" etiology ") also remains to be considered once asked a certain diagnosis (not always reliable, sometimes only probable), and then once assuming the presence of a disorder and, if possible etiologies of the same, the clinician will still have to choose between multiple forms of therapy before the patient can come to obtain its long-awaited recovery.

What are these details?
To begin with, should warn us than an error that sometimes even the world of medicine, which is to use diagnostic labels to identify disorders related to a patient. Thinking about the past, we have the example of the "leper", or the 'plague', or, until recently we knew we did not have to be careful to speak of "disabled person" and not disabled (now perhaps we would say "differently able "but this is, so to speak, another story.) Within the risk of mental disorders and the frequency of this confusion is even greater:" ... let it be that he is .... " .. a depressed, "" a drug addict ... "" ... a schizophrenic ", etc. etc.. Diagnostic label is totally inadequate if only to identify a disease, let alone to describe a person, even without considering the effects of social stigma arising from this identification (already mentioned in previous post of absentmindedly ) identification of the patient in a medical diagnosis is sometimes an obstacle to his recovery (es: "sono fatta così, sono anoressica").

Oggi il paradigma di studio più accreditato delle cause all'origine di un disturbo mentale prevede che esse siano di tre diversi ordini: "bio"-"psico"-"sociali". In sostanza, perché ci sia un disturbo mentale dev'essere presente una combinazione di questi tre fattori. Grossomodo, la parte biologica fa riferimento alla base genetica di ognuno, che determina punti di forza ma anche di vulnerabilità, a seconda delle esperienze con cui poi l'individuo si dovrà confrontare (esagerando, immaginate un individuo con un comodo salvagente "in dotazione genetica", e quanto diversamente questo gli sarebbe d'aiuto a seconda del suo doversi confrontare con il mare o con un deserto); la parte psicologica consiste, sempre grossomodo, nel modo in cui ognuno di noi ha imparato a far fronte a determinate esperienze, modo magari adatto e quanto mai di successo nella stragrande maggioranza dei casi, ma, per esempio, insufficiente di fronte ad un terremoto (o anche davanti ad altre esperienze di vita meno estreme); la parte sociale è relativa infine alla maggiore o minore efficacia con cui le reti sociali in cui siamo inseriti possono aiutarci o ostacolarci nel far fronte a determinate esperienze.

Diagnosi di disturbi mentali identiche almeno limitatamente all'etichetta (ad es. "depressione maggiore") possono avere eziologie anche molto diverse tra di loro, avere un diverso tipo biopsicogenetico substrate, and require very different treatments with each other. Currently, a clinician (psychologist or psychotherapist) who wants to really make a good diagnosis should be very careful to identify the label (or labels) Diagnostic best among those available, study history, family history, biographical information, the patient's personality structure exclude any biological, and only then can choose between a good approximation of the possible therapies for this disorder that its most effective for that individual patient.

In conclusion, it is true that a good diagnosis it greatly simplifies things when we want to have information all'andamento prevedibile medio di un disturbo mentale, ma ciononostante perché il disturbo mentale di un singolo paziente possa davvero essere curato la diagnosi di quello stesso disturbo non sarà che una piccola parte delle molte conoscenze che assieme al paziente dovremo acquisire non solo sulle specifiche caratteristiche del suo disturbo in particolare ma anche e soprattutto su di lui (il paziente stesso) più in generale nonché sul suo mondo "biopsicosociale".

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neural correlates I: introduction and examples

Molte persone al mondo, spesso motivate da giornali troppo zelanti, pensano che i neuroscienziati siano quasi arrivati ad una comprensione della mente umana. Cosa vorrebbe dire comprensione? Una buona definizione mi pare: "Essere in grado to explain the most basic level possible, how and why a human being behaving in a certain way. "It is quite clear that to answer such a question is necessary to know beforehand what happens in the brain of a person (since we we believe the brain be the implementation of the mind) when it behaves in a certain way. Know, then, that this question is largely unanswered. But the answer, if there were, would have a fancy name: the neural correlates . A special role has obviously neural correlates of consciousness.

some examples of what I would like to know the level of neurons. As we explained several times, neurons are cells whose activity is expressed through brief electric shock. We know with certainty that: there are perceptions and actions that have increased activity as a neural correlate of some neurons, there are perceptions and actions that have decreased as a correlate neural activity of some neurons, neurons correlating with the same class of representation (shape, color, smell, movement) are easy to find similar in nearby areas of the brain are related to the activity are not increased or decreased. Let me give you some examples:

increased activity

You will not notice it, but you continually move the fixation point of your eye. Before each micromotion, there are some neurons that are activated.

activity decreased

Some neurons are more active when an object is in a fairly precise in your field of vision, but less active than usual if the object is located nearby. Read more.

Zone

neurons that correlate with the direction of movement are all in a particular area of \u200b\u200bthe visual cortex. Moving a few micrometers, the class of correlation changes. Related

different

There are neurons that increase their activity only slightly just before a motor signal, while the legality of their activities will be much more. This concerns the

thing. Obviously, knowing how these representations are manipulated is still very, very, very beyond come. You know if you can reduce the mind to its neural correlates is a question likely to remain forever unanswered.

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Codices Illustres

Codices Illustres is a company that deals with spreading the miniature / Incunabula / rare books in general of the Middle Ages / Renaissance, reproduced in facsimile editions, at all cultural institutions worldwide. Our work, briefly, is to convince publishers to offer preferential conditions particularly cultural institutions and then to inform them about the possibility of the works that are of interest. do not work "mass" but let the key people in various institutions, according to studies or research activities and signaling from time to time, we think the most interesting works for every situation. Our main working tool is the Internet to allow us to be in New York and Tokyo after a few minutes, without moving from our office. We are a young, but already we have found interesting evidence in a market that, practically, is not covered by anyone. The site is built with the intention of spreading the knowledge of the miniature works: Each page monograph on a "code also shows a virtual version of the same extract with the most significant pages. The site is in both Italian and English. In search of publishing partners in this project, also was put particular care in choosing the supplied most significant works. Among the selected films to date, we are particularly happy to have De Sphaera Este, the notebook of John de 'Grassi, Schedel Weltchronik of the Gutenberg Bible, to name a few. A day I will add the works of Aboca Museum Editions (the famous Hortus Eystettensis and De Prospectiva Ping of Panizzi in Reggio!).
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Reinforcement learning, part one: the reward

I recently attended a conference in Turkey, which was attended, among others, Allan Collins, the guru of nicotine.
When it comes to smoke should be immediately addiction to drugs, how to quit. And here is the perspective offered by luminary.

Nicotine is an agonist compound acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system. Normally, acetylcholine released from a neuron transmitter binds to receptors on the surface of the receiving neuron and triggers a certain response, depending on the properties of the receptor. When nicotine is present, it binds to the receptor instead of acetylcholine, activating this reason it is called "agonist".

There are different receptors for the neurotransmitter. If there is an acetylcholine receptor called "nicotinic" because there is bound nicotine, and one called "muscarinic" because it binds muscarine . This does not concern us right now.
The nicotinic receptor is a channel, ie a protein with a cavity that, if "open" on the right key, allows the passage of molecules responsible for the transmission of the message.
The view is even more varied: Each channel consists of multiple subunits, which are assembled to build the canal. Our body is able to manufacture different subunits for the same channel, then combining them in various ways to get channels with slightly different properties.

When you smoke all the channels are activated indiscriminately nicotine. Some are responsible for the welfare given by the smoke because of their connection con neuroni dopaminergici. Altri canali agiscono nel sistema nervoso periferico procurando dolori di stomaco e altre sensazioni sgradevoli. Quello che in ultima analisi il fumatore ricerca é una po' di dopamina in piú, e per farlo si accolla il rischio di cancro, il sapore amaro della nicotina, le sgradevoli sensazioni intestinali.
Questo è un comportamento appreso: nessuno "nasce fumato".
Si apprende grazie a un particolare circuito che sfrutta la dopamina. Semplificando, una certa azione guida a un rilascio di dopamina nel cervello, e da ciò l'organismo "capisce" che l'azione che ha preceduto il rilascio di dopamina è una cosa buona, ed è bene prendere l'abitudine di compiere questa azione. È un tipo di operant conditioning. Said with an example, my pizza is going to be rewarded by a good pizza (food, primary reinforcement), I feel good and we want to go. It costs me money, so I have to return to work in a pizzeria. Workers get the money to get me the pizza in time to go to the pizza loses its meaning and moves the decisive action at work and on the reward money (secondary reinforcement). So he reasoned

Allan Collins: Why I smoke, and bring inconvenience to a spremutina of dopamine? There is no more specific a drug, which attack only the receptors responsible for positive feelings? Of course. The concept is not the nicotine, but the reward. Well, There are other rewards: sex, for instance, gives pleasure with a primary reinforcement. Over time this primary reinforcement may be partially or entirely replaced by a kiss, from talking with your loved one, from seeing a loved one.

Love is the drug most specific to procure well-being.

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Samhain (October 31)

the festival is connected directly to the death in the life cycle, during which time the cattle were selected for slaughter and he would be part of the harvest. We honor the dead and death in the cycle of life. To the ancients was the last day of the year, then x right time to close outstanding issues. The cattle were gathered and selected before being led to slaughter. Divination in the smoke, the flames of the candles or in the mirror. Call the dead, leave food out the window after the ceremony. Get Messages to the deceased as the separation between the physical and spiritual world is very thin. The colors are red or black. pomegranates, pumpkins and apples.

Herbs: bay leaf, lavender, mugwort, nutmeg, salvia.Pietre: obsidian, black onyx, bloodstone, amethyst, opale.Divinità: Hecate, Pan, Persephone, Hades, Morrigan.Per the altar cloth and candles, orange or black, decorated with pumpkins, pomegranates, apples. Form the circle, then turned west to draw a pentagram invocation to open the door and summon the dead. Call pan and bestow blessings to the deceased. To practice divination, then return to the West and say the right words. Always turned to the west to draw a pentagram to close the door of cerchio.Suggerimenti: Put a candle in the window to guide the dead, turn it on. If you wish to leave bad habits, write them on a sheet of paper and set him on fire. To feed the dead and earn their blessings after the meal to leave open an apple, leaving the fruit.

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phenomenological approach and stigma.

returned almost by chance on the words of Vincent , on which I had already stopped to think not too long ago in a project italonorvegese (still in progress ) on mental health, and I could not do less than a dear old riproporvi methodological problem.

Several times I found myself sharing the phenomenological approaches, both in psychology in the social sciences, convinced that the work has on the uniqueness of the lanes for the removal of the causes of human problems, and therefore also less standardized methodology can better tailored to the needs of the object of study without compromising any compelling finding of the so-called "scientist".

But come now at a crossroads, with the need, that is, to make a choice, I realize that it is the classic definition of a scholar who I have to leave if I want to change the point of view.

Mental health is an area very touching and compelling, because, unless you stay on an extremely surface, it forces you to face and understand your fantasies and prejudices before they can even "understand" the other really.

With a look a tad Weber - passatemela ... Indeed I take this opportunity to share one of my objects of veneration ^ _ ^ - starting with the fact that the real poblem is understanding. E - immediately reveal who the murderess - passes through understanding and articulates the problem of injury and then the stigma, and of its appurtenances.

There are "cases" that I could not say if more movingly or more fortunate, who have given their mental illness through art. Or something that the company identified as such. For them, it seemed to me, and I could mention Van Gogh or Cezanne as known cases, that the scientific debate has allowed the most easy to put up a phenomenological approach to the problem. Not only that in their common sentiment seemed to be different with a contingency which can be expected to cope when you're an artist.

In other words, the great artists aflitti from mental illness had a chance more of their "mental equivalent" (if it was that we can make an equivalence between minds ... it is a simplification), a minimum reserve of dignity Unbreakable. And access to at least some "social rituals" (an Italian example may be the life of Ligabue ).

But for all the "Vincent" hospitalized, neglected until there is no other answer except the TSO (and for the good of whom? Of the "patient" or those around him?), Isolated forgotten by family, friends, from welfare, those who are willing to listen to? Who will assume the role of fully accept instances, the point of view?

We hope diminishes the traditional scientific positions (or to defer consideration of those that re-propose a new way, for example this ), which Members of scholars to collect instances of these privileged witnesses to stop adapting the content - the lives of psychiatric patients - the container - the science, and understand the importance of adapting quite the container to the content?

Thirty years ago, an ill-channeled enthusiasm post- Goffmann led many experts ( Basaglia in the forefront as regards the 'Italy) to retract everything reforms carpet (even without the financial resources to implement them) , renegotiation of the doctor-patient relationship (if you happen to watch the documentary film San Clemente, a French production that was able to catch the cultural and political climate of L.180 Basaglia the intercession of the same) ... but in the meantime, the ill-disposition towards users of mental health, social distrust, or, to put the right words, the stigma , I'm really failed?

certainly many - especially the so-called people - have thought that "other" would finally listened to their reasons . After so many years and many trials, however, the feeling is that there is still a long way to go and that if the scientific world (the one that I believe has more responsibility and depression in the conditioning of thoughts and practices of common sense ) will not change course, taking the conclusions of song McLean, Perhaps They Never Will .

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Connectionism. Introduction

for understanding the human mind or even to its various aspects have been used in different time metaphors, and in particular a new metaphor, that of the computer, has become increasingly in recent years in the study of psychological processes, it has been affirmed at the same time the spread of cognitivism as a new research paradigm in psychology and with the vision of man as a processor of information that has often brought with them. The computer, information processing, too, thanks to his now classical distinction between hardware and software offers a number of ideas that seem to help us understand something more human split between mind and body, or between mind and brain. However, despite the increasing number of Descartes's mind-body distinction, and despite the century-old tradition that this idea can boast, it is possible to find critical voices outside the chorus, we warn against too simplistic application of this dualism (think of the psychology or psychosomatic medicine, or to stay in an area closer to neuroscience, such as the ideas developed by Antonio Damasio, 1994), and in fact you can find alternatives to the metaphors of the computer that allow us to go beyond the idea of \u200b\u200ba cognitive system to be studied as something totally different brain networks from which it is substantiated. For example, the first computer perform various logic functions for which they were developed using the same physical structure that constituted them (von Neumann, 1966), reading the same von Neumann discovered how it was largely for opportunistic reasons, and that is due dell'inaffidabilità materials of which the first computers were made, which was reached as to the expedient of distinction between hardware, understood as the physical structure of a computer, software, understood broadly as the various features that a given hardware is capable of manage.

There is a paradigm that allows us to study in particular to safeguard the important bond that you can see from the structure of our neural networks and brain functioning of our minds: this is the connectionist paradigm, which has the His "manifesto" in the book of Rumelhart & McClelland (1986) "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition". Through this paradigm is possible in some way taking advantage of its formal rigor and accuracy of mathematical models, to be both attentive to the psychological side of the phenomena under study (perception, memory, language, reasoning, etc..), And finally recepire le indicazioni provenienti da vari studi più propriamente "biologici", di tipo neuropsicologico e di neuroimmagine.

Secondo questo paradigma l'elaborazione delle informazioni avviene nel nostro sistema cognitivo in modo parallelo, distribuito ed interattivo. I modelli connessionisti (o “reti neurali”) sono composti da unità (“neuroni virtuali”) aventi ognuna un certo valore d'attivazione (consistente in un semplice numero reale), e collegate tra loro da connessioni pesate (e cioè in qualche modo regolabili) di tipo eccitatorio o inibitorio (cioè esse rispettivamente possono aumentare o diminuire l'attivazione del neurone a cui si connettono). Quando un certo input, stimulus is administered to a subset of the units that make up the network, enabling them to determine that this input is propagated through the various connections throughout the network, coming to cause a degree of activation in the final subset of output units (output) of the network, this activation would depend on existing connections as well as also by their greater or lesser strength. To ensure that a number of input matches a certain number of precise output you can rely on a set of algorithms designed specifically to train a neural network according to different criteria, or you can also set the connections manually, depending the phenomenon that you want to simulate and the purposes for which the network is built.

The potential of this paradigm consists mainly in its ability to overcome the perspective of too sharp a division between mind and brain, and the insights it offers in favor of a vision and interactions of complex phenomena under investigation. For example, the connectionist approach sheds new light on the historical opposition between nativism and empiricism, since its models are made of native bone onto which the various processes by which a real learning takes place on an empirical (the "training" in preparation applied to this network). Again, this approach leads to new contributions as the historical conflict between elements and molar approach, overall, as the connectionist models replace the localized production of symbols distributed operations, operations which give rise to the emergence of global properties.

in the literature are well known advantages and disadvantages of the different connections than theoretical approach to symbolic simulation and classical theory of cognitive processes. Regarding the advantages, neural networks are robust and flexible: the destruction of some units of a neural network or the presence of a ambiguous input causes a partial decline in network performance, and conversely a model built according to a purely simbolico che venga danneggiato o testato con input ambigui di solito fallisce completamente il suo obiettivo. Ancora, le reti neurali hanno delle capacità spontanee di generalizzazione assenti nei modelli classici, per cui ad esempio in compiti di categorizzazione riescono a gestire meglio le eccezioni e gli stimoli nuovi. Tra gli svantaggi bisogna certamente considerare invece che i modelli attuali non considerano molte delle differenze tra i diversi tipi di neuroni cerebrali, e non sono in grado ad esempio di simulare una importante proprietà dell'apprendimento umano: mentre le reti necessitano di lunghi cicli di apprendimento per arrivare a eseguire correttamente i loro compiti, all'uomo e a molti animali basta spesso fare esperienza una sola volta di un dato pericolo to learn such a response of avoidance.

biliografici Additional Resources:
Damasio, AR (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing
Garson, J. (Published 2007, accessed September 2008). Available on http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/connectionism/
von Neumann, J. (1966). Theory of self-reproducing automata. Ed by Arthur W. Burks. USA: University of Illinois.

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Learning Levels

One of the most important topics of neuroscience and learning, is a crucial challenge to understand what algorithms that enable learning. And, of course, if these algorithms are real in the sense of the term Thuringia.

Oovviamente we are not referring only to learn at school, or, more generally, in the human realm. We refer instead to a much broader concept. Now we examine some of the levels at which learning can take place.

Small premise: these are just my personal opinions on the subject, and I will not say anything definitive, or even genuinely scientific, matter.

Learning explicit heteronomous: This indicates the learning they are able to complete living if trained. This covered a large part of education human, but also the training of dogs and horses by the man; education for hunting animals. The transmission, in short, non-innate behavior among different individuals. The culture in the broadest sense, if you like.

Learning implicit self: every living being, when exposed to environmental pressure, changing its behavior to adapt to the environment. This applies to animals with higher intellectual capacity on average, say, mammals and birds, for animals with lower powers, such as fish or insects. Let me give two examples that struck me very much.

zoo in Stuttgart, there are many areas for animals separated by moats, rather than cages. In these ditches live carp. If you get close to observe the animals casting a shadow on fossatto observe that the carp come to the surface, opening her mouth. Evidently they have learned that often the visitors throw them food.

At a still more primitive: the C. Elegans stores during the early stages of development to which the temperature was raised, and always tends to move towards similar temperatures.

The example of C. Elegans is very extreme! In fact, our nematode has a few hundred neurons, so let's see how the behavior of movement must be somehow encoded within this small neural network, using the its connections with the sensory neurons. This brings us to the learning of lower level.

Parametric Learning: This is what I do neural networks, a neural network output is rewarded or not rewarded with a (virtual) and, according to this reward, are reinforced or modified connection, so that the network tends to maximize the reward you get. This is the principle of reinforcement learning . Obviously, for this type of learning is necessary that it provides a higher reward.

What are the great challenges of neuroscience? Let's see some:

- understand the exact mechanisms of learning Parametric;
- What are rewarding instances of the various circuits;
- understand which and how many levels of learning involved and how they are intertwined;
- you can understand how the 'emergency an explicit learning higher level.

understand the difficulties?

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Learning and Memory I: Techniques 3. Browsing

Never heard of those courses that once shelled out the amount due, will allow you to read the book in third, fourth or a fifth of the time? "Browsing" call, and perhaps can not attract the reader of novels, which derives from its leisure activities and relaxation, but when it comes to devouring of essays, browsing is a mirage, a beautiful fairy Morgana.

As a member of the second category of readers, I read a book full of exercises, the browsing, after some friends had taken a course, without getting any result worthy of note.
generally read 200-250 words per minute (ppm). Who applies the techniques of browsing travels on 1000 ppm with an understanding still welcome, and read some 5000 or 10000 ppm.
I stopped at 700 ppm, then I stopped.

The point is that we want, yes, read more quickly, but we do not want to give up to understand and remember what we read. To ensure that learning at the end of each chapter there are exercises, consisting of stories at the end of which there are a number of questions. Based on the responses it derives a score that quantifies the understanding as a percentage of the maximum score. I gave up browsing when I found that, despite considerable got scores on this petition, my attempts to apply to browsing books led to disastrous results - with considerable difficulty, as the technique itself is quite tiring.

Let's see how it works and why it works.
According to the promoters of browsing, reading is slow because it proceeds the common word for word. Yet our field of view allows us to read more di una parola per volta. Non solo: spesso pronunciamo mentalmente quello che leggiamo, rallentando ulteriormente, e tale lentezza conduce a una distrazione fatale. L'argomento tipico è: mentre leggi un libro di storia, la parola "Spagna", lasciata risuonare nella nostra coscienza, rievoca i ricordi dell'ultima vacanza, e della rivoluzione degli anni '30, descritta nel seguito del testo che stiamo leggendo, non ci resta piú nulla. Riassumiamo i punti in cui si potrebbe dunque migliorare:

• Più parole per volta: ci si allena per espandere, o per meglio sfruttare, il campo visivo periferico;
• Eliminare la vocalizzazione mentale: gli occhi sono capaci di cogliere le parole più rapidamente to what they may be pronounced, even if only mentally,
• Focus: it is necessary to focus on what you read, without being distracted by the spontaneous associations.

In practice, however, I'm not the only casting doubt on the effectiveness of browsing on the understanding of the text, especially when the content becomes more difficult. To show you how it all works for me, I make an example.

read this article :

A Moroccan boy aged 14 was injured with a stab in the back, after a fight for too many compliments from a young girl to an Italian passeggiava con lui. E' stato giudicato guaribile in pochi giorni, ma poi dovrà vedersela con la giustizia. I carabinieri lo hanno infatti denunciato in stato di libertà, perchè irregolare sul territorio italiano. L'aggressore, probabilmente un connazionale, è scappato.

E' successo a Bergamo la notte scorsa, intorno all'una e mezza, in via Foro Boario, nei pressi di un bar. Il ragazzo marocchino stava passeggiando mano nella mano con una coetanea italiana, quando si è avvicinato un altro giovane, probabilmente già maggiorenne ed extracomunitario, che ha cominciato a rivolgere complimenti sempre più pesanti alla ragazzina.

Il fourteen invited him to leave, but then a fight broke out. The boy and his companion tried to leave, but by then the largest pulled out a knife and hit the back fourteen.
( September 27, 2009 )

We will try to optimize the ratio between the amount of information obtained and the time taken. The technique shown here is called skimming .

A Moroccan boy aged 14 was injured with a knife in the back , after a fight for too many compliments addressed by a young Italian girl to who walked with him . E 'was considered curable in a few days, but then must face justice. The police have in fact denounced in a state of freedom, because irregular on Italian soil. L ' attacker, probably a compatriot is escaped.

E 'success Bergamo the last night, around one and a half, in Foro Boario near a bar. The Moroccan boy was walking hand in hand with an Italian youth, when he approached a another young, adult and probably extra , which began to turn increasingly heavy compliments to the girl.

The fourteen invited him to leave, but then a fight broke out. The boy and his companion tried to leave, but by then the largest pulled out a knife and hit the back fourteen.

Putting together the words in bold are obtained key information, which in this article are all in the first part. And now we see what was the title of the article:

injured because defending Italian girl But it is clandestino, e viene denunciato

In pratica questo testo é facile da decodificare velocemente, perchè ha una struttura chiara, logica e poggia su un substrato culturale che ci é ben noto. Basta cercare alcune parole chiave per ricostruire una storia sensata che si memorizza e si ri-racconta con facilità. Se da un lato é molto facile da comprendere, dall'altro siamo abituati a questo genere di struttura, cioè nella nostra mente c'é una struttura preordinata che accoglie bene queste informazioni. Su questo abbiamo già scritto.
Leggiamo un testo diverso :

Il talamo è un ammasso di sostanza grigia , con sostanza white in the stratum zonale that covers the upper surface and internal and external medullary laminae. The internal medullary lamina forks before Y, and divides the anterior thalamus, mainly in nuclei (including the bifurcation), medial and lateral nuclei. The nuclei are distinct in lateral dorsal and ventral. In addition there are the intralaminar nuclei in the thickness of the internal medullary lamina, reticular nucleus located along the lateral surface of the thalamus and midline nuclei of the thalamus on the medial surface of the same places. The external medullary lamina separates the reticular nucleus from the rest of thalamic gray matter.

Try to flesh out the information Important: The

thalamus is a mass of gray matter, white matter with zonal layer that covers the upper surface and in internal and external medullary laminae. The internal medullary lamina it bifurcates before Y, and divides the anterior thalamic nuclei mainly in (including the bifurcation), medial and lateral nuclei . The nuclei are distinct in lateral dorsal and ventral . In addition there are intralaminar nuclei in the thickness of the internal medullary lamina, reticular nucleus of the placed along the lateral surface of the thalamus and midline nuclei of the thalamus on the medial surface of the same places. The external medullary lamina separates the reticular nucleus from the rest of thalamic gray matter.

This time the game to bring together the key words leaves us with a list of meaningless names. This text is not only much more dense than the previous information, but much of the information is in the links between words and grammatical structures, such as adverbs and prepositions ("before", "on the medial surface), which do not carry as much information in the story of a fact. Above the words are infrequent, so you need more time to process them. Read this short article has invariably results in a hurry to bring understanding to zero.
escape, adding that the language is not the most fit this description, so there's atlas of anatomy, and therefore the mental maps have a considerable advantage compared to the summaries.

In cases like this, quietly read and decode words one at a time is irreplaceable. And
to store?

is certainly necessary to decode the information before storing and implement an appropriate technique in this case non-verbal. But we do some observations about the mental pronunica words.

First, whatever we want to store in a declarative way, that we will be able to repeat it later, must pass through working memory. This type of memory is multimodal, that processes information and visual aids. So missing one of two channels is a disadvantage. In

secundis, perhaps offsetting this disadvantage the less distracting? Unlikely. For storing, in fact, it is important to develop semantics, although it is a process that takes time. In other words, memory is very useful to think of the holiday in Spain while reading the English Revolution, as it facilitates the "capture" of what we are reading. Even if it costs more time. In

tertiis, we could argue that saving 80% of the time we read the paragraph three times, thus reducing our savings to 40%, but get a better understanding. Certainly this improves performance. But even so the first two points I mentioned are, and browsing is very stressful.


Do not buy a speed reading course. Spend up to 10 € for a book, rather than € 500 for a course: Indeed, we know that if you do not have the motivation to get to the end of the book, even doing a course you will practice enough to master the technique. This technique, however, is good only for reading the newspaper;)

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Pendulum.

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Tarot.

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Wand.

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Possibilità di personalizzarla con disegni, altri tipi di pietre e legni.

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Rune + container.

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Pentacle.

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Mabon. Presentation

Mabon (equinozio d'autunno), arriva il tempo di equilibrio, quando la luce e le tenebre sono uguali e dà inizio all'autunno.La celebrazione avviene alla fine del periodo più faticoso dell'anno quando viene effettuato il secondo raccolto; il ciclo di produzione e riproduzione ends, the leaves begin to yellow and the animals begin to make supplies in anticipation of the arrival of the cold months and lethargy. Unfortunately, it also marks the beginning of the period of cacciaMabon marks the first Christmas of darkness, when God gets ready to leave and enter the world of Goddess' reign as Lord of the afterlife where Ombre.Mabon ("Great Son") is a Welsh God. It was a great hunter and a great leader of the time. Mabon was taken from his mother, Modron (Great Mother), when he was only three days, but was rescued by King Arthur (other legends about saving various versions). But during this time, Mabon lived, happy prisoner in the world Modron Magic - her womb. With this he can be reborn. Mabon's light has been brought to the world, gathering strength and wisdom, so as to become a new seed. In this sense, Mabon is the male counterpart of Persephone, the male principle fertilizer. Modron instead corresponds to Demetra.Erbe: sunflower, rose petals, calendula.Pietre: amber, tiger eye, citrine, crystal rocca.Divinità: Mabon, Madrona, Persephone, demetra.È the first day of autumn and the second period the harvest is also seen as thanksgiving day where we thank the witches as well as the harvest of food for the harvest personal and we thank our ancestors. For the altar Use an orange or red tablecloth, candles red brown or purple altar and decorate the rim with dried herbs, sunflowers, autumn leaves, acorns and potatoes with sage or incense rose. After the ritual you have to bring any outdoor decoration for edible animali.Suggerimenti: You can cook potatoes, excellent symbol of the festival as they grow and are formed underground, you can collect the fallen leaves and make a small fire as a welcome for the fall season, this beacon can roast potatoes wrapped in foil, then thank the Earth for the abundance. Then honor the ancestors with a small banquet-based apple juice and oatmeal cookies and almonds, browse photo albums and meditate on the importance of the existence, in conclusion to thank the ancestors. In the morning you can wake up early and wish you a warm goodbye to the beings that are about to go into hibernation, using a needle sewing together sunflowers, and flowers hanging from trees for birds. Thanks for not just say thanks but you have to do something for others, such as volunteering, visiting the elderly or altro.Benedizioni and happy Mabon

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Welcome to Pagan Life ....
here you will find craft items and anything else and you can make requests for items as you wish, I will try to satisfy all possible requirements .. I love
create objects and everything I learned by myself and with some advice of my father ..
Below are pictures of objects that I made and other items not made by me instead, but still have some personnel changes ...
The blog is not only based on the sale of objects but also on condividsione of pagan life every day with festivities, activities and much more ...

good continuation ...

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Welcome to the Medieval Library, a place where you can find everything about Middle Ages and the surrounding area. Books, CDs, DVDs, Toys: looking through the shelves and begin your journey into the past! For any questions, requests or suggestions, please write to us, we will try to satisfy your desires ... and come back often to see us, the site continues to grow and new products are added every day.

With these synthetic lines is that this site presents itself as a fully computerized shop Medieval-themed items. Purchases can be made through the choice of all existing media, bank, credit card, cash, etc.. and the catalog is very extensive and easy to use. The product sheets are complete and clear. Completing the offering great deals with major discounts.

site: www.libreriamedievale.com .

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E 'then so difficult to understand others? It is not something spontaneous and natural? For what, for example, a professional "made for the understanding of others" (the psychologist)?

A great author, Antonio Alberto Semi, points out in his book the distinction between "easy-difficult" and "simple-complex". I'm not going to repeat it here, get there with a little 'for reflection and / or research. However, understanding is not that difficult but it is complex. To understand the need to respect people of very specific measures: First, we must listen persona che si vuole comprendere; poi, bisogna riflettere sulle diverse ipotesi che inevitabilmente ci si fa riguardo quanto ascoltato/osservato; infine, bisogna confrontare le ipotesi che via via ci si forma su quanto capito con le intenzioni/idee del parlante.

Più nei dettagli, "ascoltare" vuol dire mettere momentaneamente da parte le proprie idee e i propri giudizi su quanto pensiamo stia per essere detto, per poter far posto soltanto a quanto verrà effettivamente detto. Fatto questo, bisogna raccogliere le idee e riflettere su quanto si è ascoltato, cominciando dal saperlo ricapitolare e ripetere nella maniera più fedele possibile rispetto all'originale.
Ricapitolando e ripetendo fedelmente con l'interlocutore quanto heard you will see that they often add new things, so to speak, those who were buried in the folds of what was said. Again, summing up what has been said often, you will realize that you have the obscure points in what has just heard, the meanings not educated, or at least not fully educated. Ask the clarification on these points is essential here.

What is to follow these tips? Basically three things: first, to avoid misunderstandings. Second, allow the speaker to further tidy up his ideas with us. Third, avoid cues ourselves the answers to put too much in the middle with our preconceptions. What effect can

achieve with these measures?
the meantime, if you do not have a positive effect from the person at least will prevent the frustration of talking to the wall.
Then with a little 'practice in this way you can come very close to another person, the real meaning of what this is saying, in a word, you can understand it. And, as we know everyone has heard at least once understood, this is no small thing.

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Understanding spatial scales

Among the various problems of theoretical neuroscience, there is one that I particularly like, mainly because it highlights how a reductionist approach is essentially devoid of hope.

I refer to the problem of between electrical signals at different scales. The lowest level is the cell: an animal is anesthetized, and you try to record the membrane potential of a neuron using an electrode that enters the interior of the neuron. It is not particularly easy, but you can do.

What you see is a very irregular, interrupted occasionally by large, rapid excursions (spikes). If you want to have an idea, looking at the image here .

If, however, is part of our animal brains one pad that does not penetrate cells, but it fits together, to put it simply, we will observe the extracellular potential, which is usually filtered to highlight la parte del segnale in bassa frequenza (LFP), o quella in alta frequenza (MUA). Si veda qua .

Se poi si va ancora più lontani dalla fonte del segnale, si può osservare il segnale EEG, che viene misurato all'esterno della testa, si veda qua .

La cosa veramente interessante è che oggi, nel 2009, a 136 anni dalla pubblicazione delle equazioni di Maxwell ancora di deve capire quali sono le relazioni fra questi tre segnali.

Si sa molto di come il segnale cellulare produce il MUA, e si incomincia a capire come il primo determina l'LFP; ma nulla si sa delle cause dell'EEG!

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The Middle Ages in Terra di Lavoro Palermo

The Centre for Studies on the Middle Ages of Earth is the evolution of the Working Group Research on the setting of medieval art and material culture of the area between the headwaters of the Volturno and Capua.
headquartered in Raviscanina (EC), Piazza Santa Croce, and features a lecture hall, library, guest house with 10 beds, kitchen, auditorium.
It is proposed that the study of the fortified settlement, topography and high medieval toponymy, history and archeology of the ancient Terra di Lavoro and surrounding areas. He studied in particular the Christian and monastic spirituality, iconography and stratified devotions in which rooted the cultural identity of the inhabitants of high-earth job.
has to sign the castle and St. Michael the Archangel, which synthesize iron age, but imbued Spirituality
is also proposed to the census and edition of castles, towers, villages, abbeys, churches, chapels and hermitages, in order to ensure their knowledge, restoration and enhancement.
Make and advanced courses approach the study of medieval monuments, relief and restitution graphics and photography.
The site, recently published and therefore still under development, all the Centre's activities, projects, publications: www.medioevoterradilavoro.org .

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Tutta la terra had one language and few words. [...] And they said one to another [...] "Come, let us build ourselves a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven, and let us make a name, lest we be scattered all over the earth." But the Lord came down to see the city and the tower that the men were building. [...] The Lord scattered them abroad from there over all the earth and they ceased building the city. why it was called Babel, because there the LORD confused the language of the whole earth and there the LORD scattered them over all the earth.

from the book of Genesis, 11

is difficult to understand when we speak a different language, and they know who have tried to communicate in these conditions. This is also true when it comes to different branches of knowledge, for example in the case of a scientist who tries to communicate with a philosopher. Or a doctor who tries to communicate with a physician.
We are increasingly required to do so today, so for example, a doctor understands what makes an MRI and what are the limitations of this technique, or because a physicist who needs to understand its application in medicine will experience. Therefore I find
criticism as: "The philosophers do not have to deal with neuroscience, it is not their thing" as in fondo nell'abisso dell'ignoranza quanto lo sarebbe la frase:"I cinesi dovrebbero starsene in Cina, dal momento che non sono neppure in grado di parlare un inglese decente".
Infatti, come può uno psicologo sentirsi "a posto" nel criticare un filosofo, quando egli stesso parla di cellule - che non ha studiato - composti chimici - che non ha mai neppure visto scritti, leggi della fisica che non conosce basate su una matematica di cui non ha mai sentito parlare? E come può non capire perchè il filosofo avverta l'esigenza di usare i dati neuroscientifici e di introdursi nel discorso? E come può non capire che la filosofia può essere per lui interessante quanto la medicina può esserlo per un fisico?
Ebbene, la risposta is simple: a good dose of pride and ignorance, together, can do everything.
is clear that there are difficulties, and often one of the other terminology used improperly. But it is no coincidence that many great scientists at the end of their lives deal of philosophy, perhaps, come to a better understanding, you realize what's useful to know others. It's nice to know when the door a bit 'of humility. This angers me
pride instead, but I say angers me, really makes me angry!

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Cosa fa lo psicologo?

This question has multiple answers. One of the best is found at the beginning of the third article of the code of ethics of psychologists Italian :

"The psychologist considers it her duty to increase knowledge about human behavior and use it to promote psychological well-being of the individual, group and community.
In any professional work to improve people's ability to understand themselves and others and to behave in a conscious, coherent and effective. "

Its scope of choice is therefore that of the pathology of the disorder, but that of the normal processes. A psychologist may be interested, for example, how they develop language, or reading skills or memory, and then later to study specific techniques that help us in carrying out these tasks. He deals first, then the understanding of the processes from time to time under study, and subsequently of their improvement. E 'to him that it is the choice of its specific object of study and techniques used to study, as well as the responsibility of the reliability of its work and its results.

What then are the sports psychologists, work, developmental, or whatever, this is why it is always more than fair to ask them "yes, yes, a psychologist, but what do you do? "

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in the Middle Ages

This site is about everything related to its common Palermo in the Middle Ages, of course, the site will be continually updated.

consult its pages you will learn about the history of Palermo in general or of any monument, all linked by a fantastic gallery.

History, monuments, shop, download, guest-books, maps and a brief history on offer from this website, very rich and open to collaboration with all fans of medieval times and this beautiful province of Sicily.

A visit is really recommended: www.palermonelmedioevo.com .